Wenja Language: dijam

Su shayar!  Kwayda gashjas "April Fools Day", nakway Winjas warha walham.  Cha, Kintukisu, dijam su. Balya glara, bladi shawgarsh, sashwal-kwa lawka! Wasar hasa, jayman-kwa tamdam shanchi tawsam. 

Good morning! Since yesterday was April Fools Day, I didn't want to write anything about Wenja. Here, in Kentucky, the land is beautiful. The leaves are green, the flowers are blooming, and the sun is bright! It's spring (yay!), and I'm happy that winter is finally over.

Today's word of the day is one requested by Assassin_Pan72 a few days back.  What on earth is that lady saying when she bellows: Cha dijam su.  Cha dijam suuuuuuu!  You hear it in the village; you hear it out in Oros after completing an escort with a group of lost Wenjas.  This is an expression that means "Here (the) earth / land (is) good." The word in question is dijam, the word for "earth" or "land". Note that this dijam su is different from dijamsu, which means 'in the land', as you can see below in Sayla's scene.  (She's saying U Udam dijamsu "(Go) in Udam land".



And where does dijam come from?  From PIE *dʰ(e)ǵʰom- 'earth'.  This is word that is ALL OVER the place in the Indo-European languages.  From Latin humus 'ground' (in-hum-ation), homo 'man' (homo sapiens, human), Greek khthon 'earth' (chthonic 'from the earth'), Hittite tekan 'earth', and believe it or not English bridegroom, a modified pronunciation of bride-goom, literally once 'bride-man'. If you're wondering how 'earth' became 'man', the latter originally meant 'earthling, the one from the earth (vs. gods)'. (No, this is not evidence that aliens colonized the Indo-Europeans)  If you're curious, this word is also in Wenja: dishman 'human, earthling'.

Tu sakwan prasti!

Wenja Grammar: Verbs

Here's how verbs work in Wenja:

In many languages, verbs have conjugations that indicate who the subject is. We also have grammatical person which describes the different kinds of subjects as first person (I, we), second person (you, y’all), and third person (he, she, it, they, the dog, horses, traveling salesmen, beer). When we put all the different conjugations of verbs for each person together in a table so we can compare them, we call it a paradigm.

Wenja is a language which marks its verbs in different ways depending on the subject in question. We do this somewhat in English:

1st person singular:	I kill.	1st person plural:	We kill.
2nd person singular:	You kill.	2nd person plural:	Y’all kill.
3rd person singular:	He kills.	3rd person plural:	They kill.

However, in Wenja, there are different markers for each verb AND Wenja sentences don’t use the pronoun like we do in English. Compare the above table with the ones below. 

1st person singular:	Gwanam. ‘I kill’	1st person plural:	Gwanmas.   ‘We kill’
2nd person singular:	Gwanta.  ‘You kill’	2nd person plural:	Gwantan.   ‘Y’all kill’
3rd person singular:	Gwana.    ‘He kills’	3rd person plural:	Gwanarsh.  ‘They kill’

1st person singular:	Sasam.  ‘I sleep’	1st person plural:	Sasmas.   ‘We sleep’
2nd person singular:	Sasta.  ‘You sleep’	2nd person plural:	Sastan.     ‘Y’all sleep’
3rd person singular:	Sasa.    ‘He sleeps’	3rd person plural:	Sasarsh.  ‘They sleep’

1st person singular:	Sakwim.  ‘I help’	1st person plural:	Sakwimas.   ‘We help’
2nd person singular:	Sakwita.  ‘You help’	2nd person plural:	Sakwitan.   ‘Y’all help’
3rd person singular:	Sakwi.    ‘He helps’	3rd person plural:	Sakwirsh.  ‘They help’

You’ll notice that there is only one word in Wenja for the corresponding two words in English. The ending on the verb functions the same as a pronoun by indicating who is doing the action, so a separate pronoun is not needed.

In the above tables, you can see that each verb has a root form that has endings added to it. The root forms of the above verbs are: gwana- 'to kill'; sasa- ‘to sleep’; sakwi- ‘to help’. So the ending in the 3rd person singular is not a vowel - it is nothing (which we write as -ø).  

The basic verb endings are:

	singular	plural
1st person	-m	-mas
2nd person	-ta	-tan
3rd person	-ø	-rsh

Sometimes the final vowel in the root is deleted before the verb ending. Don’t worry about why the vowels disappear sometimes. Usually in Wenja, if a vowel can be deleted, it is.

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Wenja Grammar: Prepositions

While English places its prepositions before the noun or pronoun it modifies ("in Wenja", "before Roshani"), Wenja places their prepositions after (Winja-ha "in/with Wenja", Rushani parshay "before Roshani"). (While technically postpositions, we'll refer to them as prepositions in our discussions.)

The basic prepositions of Wenja are as follows:

• -s 'of, concerning, about; possession'
• -i (after consonant) / -y (after vowel) 'to, for; possession'
• -su 'in, on, at'
• -ha 'with, by (agent of passive)'
• -bi 'from, by, than (comparison)'
• -m 'towards, against, into, onto, during'

When using personal pronouns as the object of the preposition, use the possessive form. The plural form will make use of the “long” form.

• mi-yi ‘to, for me; mine’
• ti-yi  ‘to, for you’
•  si-su ‘on him/her/it'
•  arsi-ha ‘with them’
•  ti-bi ‘from you’
•  masi-m ‘towards, into, onto us’ 

Here are some examples:

1. Shash miyi.                                          The rock (is) for me / mine.
2. Shash mibi chawda.                            The rock hides from me.
3. Sim gwamam.                                      I’m coming for (lit. towards) him.
4. Ti-Winja mim gwama!                         Your Wenja come to me!
5. Tim gwamam.                                      I’m coming for you.
6. Taniha hadamas.                                 We’re eating with y’all.
7. Arsh-mashtarha haymas.                    We’re going with their mother.
8. Tiha haymas.                                       We’re going with you.
9. Ti-mashtarha haymas.                         We’re going with your mother.
10. Ti-jarshna mashtarha haymas.           We’re going with your old mother.
11. Ti-mashtaris mashtarha haymas.        We’re going with your mom’s mom.
12. Ti-mashtarbi, shash dafmas.               We got a rock from your mother.

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