Wenja Grammar: Verbs

Here's how verbs work in Wenja:

In many languages, verbs have conjugations that indicate who the subject is. We also have grammatical person which describes the different kinds of subjects as first person (I, we), second person (you, y’all), and third person (he, she, it, they, the dog, horses, traveling salesmen, beer). When we put all the different conjugations of verbs for each person together in a table so we can compare them, we call it a paradigm.

Wenja is a language which marks its verbs in different ways depending on the subject in question. We do this somewhat in English:

1st person singular:	I kill.	1st person plural:	We kill.
2nd person singular:	You kill.	2nd person plural:	Y’all kill.
3rd person singular:	He kills.	3rd person plural:	They kill.

However, in Wenja, there are different markers for each verb AND Wenja sentences don’t use the pronoun like we do in English. Compare the above table with the ones below. 

1st person singular:	Gwanam. ‘I kill’	1st person plural:	Gwanmas.   ‘We kill’
2nd person singular:	Gwanta.  ‘You kill’	2nd person plural:	Gwantan.   ‘Y’all kill’
3rd person singular:	Gwana.    ‘He kills’	3rd person plural:	Gwanarsh.  ‘They kill’

1st person singular:	Sasam.  ‘I sleep’	1st person plural:	Sasmas.   ‘We sleep’
2nd person singular:	Sasta.  ‘You sleep’	2nd person plural:	Sastan.     ‘Y’all sleep’
3rd person singular:	Sasa.    ‘He sleeps’	3rd person plural:	Sasarsh.  ‘They sleep’

1st person singular:	Sakwim.  ‘I help’	1st person plural:	Sakwimas.   ‘We help’
2nd person singular:	Sakwita.  ‘You help’	2nd person plural:	Sakwitan.   ‘Y’all help’
3rd person singular:	Sakwi.    ‘He helps’	3rd person plural:	Sakwirsh.  ‘They help’

You’ll notice that there is only one word in Wenja for the corresponding two words in English. The ending on the verb functions the same as a pronoun by indicating who is doing the action, so a separate pronoun is not needed.

In the above tables, you can see that each verb has a root form that has endings added to it. The root forms of the above verbs are: gwana- 'to kill'; sasa- ‘to sleep’; sakwi- ‘to help’. So the ending in the 3rd person singular is not a vowel - it is nothing (which we write as -ø).  

The basic verb endings are:

	singular	plural
1st person	-m	-mas
2nd person	-ta	-tan
3rd person	-ø	-rsh

Sometimes the final vowel in the root is deleted before the verb ending. Don’t worry about why the vowels disappear sometimes. Usually in Wenja, if a vowel can be deleted, it is.

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Wenja Grammar: Prepositions

While English places its prepositions before the noun or pronoun it modifies ("in Wenja", "before Roshani"), Wenja places their prepositions after (Winja-ha "in/with Wenja", Rushani parshay "before Roshani"). (While technically postpositions, we'll refer to them as prepositions in our discussions.)

The basic prepositions of Wenja are as follows:

• -s 'of, concerning, about; possession'
• -i (after consonant) / -y (after vowel) 'to, for; possession'
• -su 'in, on, at'
• -ha 'with, by (agent of passive)'
• -bi 'from, by, than (comparison)'
• -m 'towards, against, into, onto, during'

When using personal pronouns as the object of the preposition, use the possessive form. The plural form will make use of the “long” form.

• mi-yi ‘to, for me; mine’
• ti-yi  ‘to, for you’
•  si-su ‘on him/her/it'
•  arsi-ha ‘with them’
•  ti-bi ‘from you’
•  masi-m ‘towards, into, onto us’ 

Here are some examples:

1. Shash miyi.                                          The rock (is) for me / mine.
2. Shash mibi chawda.                            The rock hides from me.
3. Sim gwamam.                                      I’m coming for (lit. towards) him.
4. Ti-Winja mim gwama!                         Your Wenja come to me!
5. Tim gwamam.                                      I’m coming for you.
6. Taniha hadamas.                                 We’re eating with y’all.
7. Arsh-mashtarha haymas.                    We’re going with their mother.
8. Tiha haymas.                                       We’re going with you.
9. Ti-mashtarha haymas.                         We’re going with your mother.
10. Ti-jarshna mashtarha haymas.           We’re going with your old mother.
11. Ti-mashtaris mashtarha haymas.        We’re going with your mom’s mom.
12. Ti-mashtarbi, shash dafmas.               We got a rock from your mother.

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Wenja Language: nati

Kwayubi, Winja!  Hay shayar Reofive "nati" warshtas pracha.  Sa hu-tangay: ku nasa-ha banda?  Na sa, ma dwa kam-kamya warshta-ha daha: na ati-kwa. 

What's up, Wenja!  This morning Reofive asked about the word nati.  He wondered: is it connected with nasa "return home"?  It's not but it's made with two very common words: na "not" and ati "still, more, longer."

When do you hear nati?  Well, if you're like me -- all the time.  I personally always dismiss my beast before taking an outpost, to do it as stealthily as possible.  When you dismiss your beast you'll hear Takkar say either *grunt* Su. or Nati! The former is something we've talked about before: su means "good" (a grunt's a grunt).  The latter means something like "no longer!"  or "no more!"

The words na "not" and ati "still" don't have to be combined like that. Take the following sentence: Na wajra-ha ati wanam. "I no longer hunt with clubs." Na, a sentence starter, has to be at the beginning, but ati, going with wana is placed immediately before the verb.

Both words are from good PIE stock.  The first, *né 'not' is the source of Sanskrit ná, Latin ne, and the initial n- in English no & not.  Believe it or not (har), it's also indirectly the source of the prefixes un- as in unbelievable (Germanic), in- as in inescapable (Latin), and a- as in asocial (Greek). The second is from PIE *éti 'still', which (while no longer continued as anything in English per se), becomes the word for "and" in Latin (et) and Armenian (ev) and means "still, too, beyond" in Sanskrit (áti).

Tu sakwan prasti!