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Friday, 11 March 2016
Wenja Grammar: the Copula & Stand-Alone Pronouns
To Be or Not to Be? (In Wenja, usually not.)
In English, we make use of a form of the word to be, also known as the copula, to connect a noun with another word that gives more information about that noun (also known as the predicate), be it another noun, an adjective, or a prepositional phrase.
We are linguists.
He is tall.
I am on the phone.In Wenja, however, you rarely ever use a spoken copula.
Winja marwa. Wenja (are) dead.
Da chamsha! Da (is) ready!
You will only use a copula in extremely formal contexts. In these cases, you'll use a variant of the word hasa plus the necessary endings.
Takkar hasam. I am Takkar. (proclamation)
Salwa marwa hasarsh! They are all dead! (proclamation)Recall from the post on Wenja verbs that when the verb endings indicate who is doing the action, there is no need for a stand-alone pronoun. For example, if the subject is 3rd person singular, the verb indicates this and no pronoun is needed (Sasa. ‘He sleeps.’).
Since in a zero-copula sentence there is no verb to link the subject with the predicate, there are no verb endings to indicate the subject. It is here that stand-alone pronouns will appear.
The pronouns are as follows:
singular | plural | |
1st person | mu | mas |
2nd person | ta | tan |
3rd person | ø (sa) | say |
Note that the 3rd person singular pronoun (he/she/it) is usually not used. It is assumed from the context of the conversation that whatever you are referring to is understood, so it is not needed. We do this sometimes in English: See that bear over there? Young.
Yuwanka. (He/She/It is) young.
Also, if the object is 3rd person singular, the meaning can be understood from context as well. That is to say, if we’ve been talking for an hour about a bear who is being a nuisance and wreaking havoc on our village and I say the sentence Gwanam! ‘I kill!’ you know that I’m talking about the bear and not you, or the villagers, or someone else. If it is not so obvious who I’m talking about, I can use the pronoun sa for emphasis (Sa gwanam! ‘I kill THAT!’).
Notice too that there is only one form of the pronoun sa, whereas in English we have three: he, she and it. That means when Wenja are referring to any person, animal or thing, it is always the same pronoun sa (or they leave out the pronoun completely), regardless of gender. This could reflect their world-view that all creatures are an equal part of the universe, and their egalitarian society that does not show a gender hierarchy. Or it could just be a coincidence. There are many languages, like Turkish, that do not make a distinction in gender in their pronouns.
Here are some sentences that show the pronoun (or no pronoun) plus zero-copula structure in Wenja:
Mu Wenja. I (am) Wenja.
Ta Udam. You (are) Udam.
Izila. (He/She/It is) Izila.
Sa Udam. That one (is) Udam.
Mas lasiwa. We (are) weak.
Tan chlawta. Y’all (are) loud.
Say shnar-hadan. They (are) cannibals.
Thursday, 10 March 2016
Solar Air Conditioners in India with Price 100% Off Grid
As summer is arriving the demand of Air Conditioners will increase in market and also the consumption of electricity. Now a days Solar Power is gaining popularity and people started thing about Solar Air Conditioners. These solar Air Conditioners not only help people in cooling their homes and offices but also save their electricity bill. Apart from saving your bill it saves the public electricity.Last night i was searching for Solar AC for my office and went through a number of websites that can provide it in my city. However it was a tough task as there were a number of websites for selling Solar Power Air Conditioners but none of them display the price (we have to send an inquiry to them to get the price). At last i settled on the website Indiamart which gives a list of number of suppliers and retailers of Solar AC. The link to that particular page is provided at the bottom of this page.
Before you go to that website to purchase one its better to decide about the type of AC that you want to purchase, otherwise you will be confused with the product description. Also you will need to check that what are the contents of the package.
Types of Solar Air Conditioner
- Off Grid Solar Air Conditioner: These Air Conditioners work fully on Solar Energy. They don't need any normal electricity supply from your home. These Air Conditioners also need some batteries to store the electricity for the night usage. You need to check the contents of the package if the supply the battery with the Solar AC or you need to buy them separately.
- On Grid / Hybrid Solar Air Conditioners: These Air Conditioners work on both home electricity supply and Solar Energy. During night time these air conditioners switch back from solar mode to normal electricity mode. In such air conditioners the cost of batteries and few solar panels is saved and thus they cost a little less.
Solar Air Conditioners Price
Now the next thing is the price range of these solar air conditioners- 1 Ton Solar Air Conditioner Price starts from Rs 40000
- As you increase the ton capacity to 1.5 Ton, 2 Ton, 2.5 Ton, 3 Ton the price also increases. I tried to search for some low capacity AC such as 0.5 Ton or 0.75 Ton but got nothing. You may try to search for them as smaller ACs will need less number of solar panels and they are sufficient for small rooms or cabins.
- If you need Solar AC for rural areas the you maybe eligible for some subsidy as some state governments provide subsidy on purchase of solar equipment to encourage the usage of solar energy and reduce governments burden of electricity production.
Before you buy Solar AC
Before purchasing the Solar Power Air Conditioner ensure that you know all details about the contents of the package provided by the seller and warranty on different parts of the package. Warranty provided on different parts such as Compressor, Solar Panels and other parts of AC might be different. Apart from that you also need to check if they provide on-site warranty or not, else you will need to call the technician on your own expense in case of some fault in the equipment.
Where to buy Solar Air Conditioners in India
http://dir.indiamart.com/impcat/solar-air-conditioner.htmlThe above page is the best (as per my research and knowledge). Here you will find a number of retailers and suppliers for different cities of India. Its better if you can find a retailer in your own city as they can provide a better service without any delay.
If i will find some better Solar Air Conditioner retailer then i will update its address on this page.
Wenja Language: swarga
Su shayar, salwa. Na shaja mi-janhasi su dajri -- mi-chamyugi (@brennabyrd) & mi-sushnu (yiyi nashman Shlakanra Winja-ha) swarga. Na su hu-sasarsh. Nakway smaya.
Good morning, all. Today is not a good day for my family -- my wife (@brennabyrd) & my son (whose name is Shlakanra in Wenja) are sick. They haven't slept well. No fun (literally -- "No one smiles").
Fortunately they don't have the kapalpur (skull fire) like the Udam. You learn more about this ailment from the Udam characters you meet in the world (Ull & Dah), and it's something that the Udam have developed from many years of cannibalism. While we never find out what the kapalpur is in reality, it seems reasonable that this is some variant of Mad Cow's disease.The word for "sick" in Wenja is swarga, but we usually hear the noun meaning "sickness" instead swargati. Recall Ull's final words: Udam swargati-bi mari. "The Udam die from sickness."
The source of swarga is a word that is widely attested throughout Indo-European. The PIE root was *swergʰ- 'to worry, be sick', continued by Sanskrit surkṣati 'cares for', Lithuanian sergu 'am sick', Old Church Slavonic sraga, and Old Irish serg (both 'sickness'). And in English? This is the source of our word sorrow.
Tu sakwan prasti!
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